Equity & options

Cashless exercise

Also called net exercise, same-day sale

A cashless exercise lets an option holder acquire shares without paying the strike price in cash, by surrendering part of the grant or selling some of the shares to cover the cost.

The two forms

Net exercise means the company withholds shares equal in value to the exercise cost and issues only the balance. Nothing is sold and no cash moves, but the holder ends up with fewer shares.

Same-day sale means enough shares are sold at exercise to fund the strike price and any withholding tax, with the remainder kept or sold entirely. This requires a market for the shares, so it usually applies at or after an IPO or in a company-run tender.

Why it matters at private companies

Employees at companies that have grown substantially often cannot afford to exercise. A grant that looks valuable on paper is unusable if exercising costs more than the holder can pay, and the 90-day post-departure window turns that into a forced forfeiture.

Net exercise solves the cash problem but not the tax one: the spread is still taxable, and the holder now owns illiquid stock plus a tax bill. Companies that permit it usually pair it with a tender offer or an extended exercise window.

Worked example

  1. An employee holds 20,000 options at a $1.00 strike. Fair market value is $5.00.
  2. Exercise cost: 20,000 x $1.00 = $20,000.
  3. Net exercise: the company withholds $20,000 worth of shares, which is 4,000 shares at $5.00.
  4. The employee receives 16,000 shares and pays nothing in cash, though the $80,000 spread on those shares is still a taxable event.

Common questions

Does cashless exercise avoid tax?

No. It solves the cash cost of the strike price. The spread between strike and fair market value remains taxable in the normal way.

Can you do a cashless exercise at a private company?

Only if the plan allows net exercise, or the company runs a tender offer providing a buyer. Without one of those there is no way to convert shares into the cash needed.

How many shares do you lose in a net exercise?

Enough to cover the exercise cost at current fair market value. The higher the share price relative to the strike, the smaller the proportion surrendered.

Related terms

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