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Methodology

Venture capital headlines are usually about raw dollars: who raised the most, who "won the year," who's hottest.

Real Startup Economy (U.S.), 2024–2025 (Crunchbase-based)

This metric estimates the Real Startup Economy by removing non-startup capital flows. We exclude private mega-cap financing, financings of non-independent entities, and non-venture instruments. The baseline is Crunchbase News’ disclosed totals for U.S.-based companies in each year. The remaining dollars form a conservative, reproducible estimate of venture-funded startup activity.

Scope note (important)

This is a conservative, disclosed-only benchmark by design: Crunchbase News explicitly does not count undisclosed funding rounds as venture funding rounds (along with debt financings, secondary transactions, grants, and other non-equity assistance). That improves transparency and reproducibility, but it also means totals can be lower than vendor datasets that estimate or infer undisclosed dollars.

What we count as venture risk capital

Included

Priced equity venture rounds (Series A/B/C… and comparable venture rounds) and convertibles (SAFE / convertible notes), treated as venture risk capital.

Excluded

True debt / non-dilutive financing (credit facilities), grants/loans and other non-equity assistance, and secondary transactions (tenders, liquidity events, existing-shareholder sales).

Independence / control rule

We deduct financings where the company is not startup-independent before the deal because it is already controlled by a corporate parent (subsidiary / parent-led round), or a controlling-owner corporate group.

“Absurd giants” valuation filter (≥ $100B)

We deduct rounds where disclosed post-money valuation is ≥ $100B. Rationale: at $100B+, these private companies operate in the same value range as the world’s largest corporations.

Note: If a deducted mega-round contains mixed instruments (e.g., debt components), it is still fully removed under the ≥$100B rule. Crunchbase also separately excludes debt financings from venture funding rounds in its methodology.

Excluded mega-rounds & non-venture instruments (by year)

Loading excluded-country records…

Year Total VC (Crunchbase)DeductionsReal Startup
2024$178.0BLoading…Loading…
2025$274.0BLoading…Loading…

Phase 1 — GDP phase (Nominal intensity)

What this phase answers: How large is venture investment relative to the country's nominal economy and population?

Inputs

  • VC_nom — total venture capital invested (USD millions)
  • GDP_nom — nominal GDP (USD millions)
  • Pop — population (millions)

Derived metrics

VC per person: VCpc = VCnom / Pop
Nominal GDP per person: GDPpcnom = GDPnom / Pop
VC as share of nominal GDP: VC%GDPnom = VCnom / GDPnom

Nominal equivalent people

How many average citizens' annual nominal output does the VC equal?

Peoplenom = (VCnom × 1,000,000) / GDPpcnom

Because VC and GDP are stored in millions, these ratios are dimensionally consistent and easy to interpret.

Data Sources & Tables

Primary machine-readable data files used by this site.

Local Costs (overhead / non-personnel)

Per-country local overhead used in Startup Unit calculations. Table shows the primary cost line items used by the SU model.

CountryCityCoworking (annual)LegalAccountingMarketingLocal ServicesSubtotalContingencyTotalSources

Phase 2 — PPP phase (Real economic effort)

What this phase answers: How large is venture investment measured against PPP-adjusted economic output?

Inputs

  • GDP_ppp — GDP in PPP terms (USD millions)
  • Pop — population (millions)

Derived metrics

GDP per person (PPP): GDPpcppp = GDPppp / Pop
Once VCppp exists: VC%GDPppp = VCppp / GDPppp

PPP equivalent people

Peopleppp = (VCppp × 1,000,000) / GDPpcppp

Peopleppp / Pop × 1,000,000 = VCppp / GDPppp (identity)

Phase 3 — Unit cost phase (Startup Unit cost + Units funded)

This phase converts money into startup execution capacity using a Startup Unit (SU) benchmark.

Startup Unit (SU) — cost benchmark

Representative team (10 people): 6 developers (4 senior, 2 mid) and 4 general roles (marketing, ops, product, sales).

GeneralAvg = (Marketing + Operations + Product + Sales) / 4
P = (4 × SeniorDev) + (2 × MidDev) + (4 × GeneralAvg)
G = 45,000 (global hard costs)
SU_local = P + G + L_local

Storage convention: SU is stored in USD thousands/year.

Convert VC into Units funded (execution capacity)

Unitstotal = (VCnom × 1000) / SUlocal
Units per 1M = Unitstotal / Pop

VC_nom is in millions, SU_local in thousands — multiply VC by 1000 to align units.

VC_ppp (startup purchasing-power adjusted VC)

Ratio = SU_USA / SU_local
VCppp = VCnom × Ratio

VCppp is used for PPP-GDP interpretations; do not double-apply it when computing Units via SU_local.

US baseline comparisons

CompareToUS = Units_per1M_country / Units_per1M_USA
Multiplier (needed to match US) = (1 / CompareToUS) - 1

Phase 4 — US baseline comparison & gaps

What this phase answers: How far above/below the US is a country's startup funding intensity, and what additional VC would be required to match the US per-capita intensity?

Inputs

  • Units_per1M_country — Units per 1M people for the country
  • Units_per1M_USA — Units per 1M people for the US baseline
  • VC_nom — Nominal VC (USD millions)

Comparisons

CompareToUS = Units_per1M_country / Units_per1M_USA
CompareToUS = 1 → matches US intensity; <1 means below US; >1 means above US.

Gaps & multipliers

GapFromUS = 1 - CompareToUS
Multiplier = (1 / CompareToUS) - 1

Multiplier is how many additional multiples of current VC would be needed to reach US intensity (e.g., Multiplier = 1 means +100%).

Additional VC implied

AdditionalVC = VCnom × Multiplier
AdditionalVC_needed = max(0, AdditionalVC)

AdditionalVC is expressed in the same units as VC_nom (USD millions).

Quick Glossary

VCnomNominal venture capital (USD millions)
GDPnomNominal GDP (USD millions)
GDPpppPPP GDP (USD millions)
PopPopulation (millions)
SUStartup Unit cost (USD thousands/year)
Units_totalStartup-years funded
CompareToUSRatio vs US intensity
AdditionalVCAdditional VC implied (USD millions)

Interactive tables

Startup Unit Cost Calculation - All Countries

Complete breakdown of how the Startup Unit cost (efficiency parameter) is calculated for each country based on local salary data and overhead.

Country ↑Personnel (P)
4 senior + 2 mid + 4 staff
Global Costs (G) Local Costs (L)
Total SU
P + G + L

Professions

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Local Costs (overhead / non-personnel)

Per-country local overhead used in Startup Unit calculations. Table shows the primary cost line items used by the SU model.

CountryCityCoworking (annual)LegalAccountingMarketingLocal ServicesSubtotalContingencyTotalSources

Data Sources

Machine-readable source tables: /data/sources_normalized.json

Sources — 2025

CountryReliabilitySource NamePrimary SourceSecondary Sources