Rounds & financing

Follow-on investment

Also called follow-on, reserves

A follow-on investment is additional money a fund puts into a company it has already backed, funded from reserves the fund sets aside specifically for supporting existing portfolio companies.

Reserves and what they signal

Most venture funds reserve a substantial share of their capital, frequently 40% to 60%, for follow-ons rather than new investments. A fund's headline size therefore overstates how much is available to companies it has not yet backed.

A lead investor declining to follow on is one of the loudest signals in a fundraise. New investors read it as the people with the most information choosing not to add more, and it is difficult to explain away.

Pro-rata and the decision

Follow-ons are usually exercised through pro-rata rights, letting the fund maintain its ownership percentage. Whether to exercise is a portfolio decision as much as a company one, weighing the marginal dollar against reserves for other holdings.

Founders should ask about reserve policy before taking money. A fund at the end of its investment period with reserves committed elsewhere may be enthusiastic today and unable to help at the next round.

Worked example

  1. A $100m fund reserves 50% for follow-ons, leaving $50m for new investments.
  2. It invests $2m in a seed round for 10% of a company.
  3. At Series A the company raises $15m; maintaining 10% requires $1.5m.
  4. The fund exercises its pro-rata from reserves, taking its total in that company to $3.5m.

Common questions

What percentage of a fund is reserved for follow-ons?

Commonly 40% to 60%, though it varies by strategy. Seed funds writing small first cheques often reserve more, because maintaining ownership through later rounds is expensive.

What does it mean if an investor does not follow on?

It is generally read as a negative signal by new investors, since the existing backer has the most information. There are benign explanations, such as an exhausted investment period, but they need explaining.

Can a fund follow on without pro-rata rights?

Yes, if there is room in the round and the lead agrees, but without a contractual pro-rata right the allocation is not guaranteed.

Related terms

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